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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Well-being

Overview

  • Influence: Well-being
  • Domain: Student
  • Sub-Domain: Emotions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Well-being refers to how students feel and think about their lives holistically (mind, body, and spirit) and what is in their best interest relatively. The presence of pleasant and positive affect (e.g., happiness) and the absence of unpleasant affect (e.g., depression) are particularly important here.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 4
  • Number of studies: 215
  • Number of students: 374,931
  • Number of effects: 39,118
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.27
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Research in Personality Bücker, Nuraydin, Simonsmeier, Schneider, & Luhmann Subjective well-being and academic achievement: A meta-analysis 2018 Subjective well-being 47 NA 38,946 0.33
Report Dix, Ahmed, Carslake, Sniedze-Gregory, O'Grady, & Trevitt Student health and wellbeing systematic review: Main report and executive summary. 2020 Wellbeing on achievement 78 320,505 78 0.31
Child Indicators Research Kaya & Erdem Students' Well-Being and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. 2021 Wellness on achievement 77 54,426 81 0.17
IntechOpen Bas Relation between Student Mental Health and Academic Achievement Revisited: A Meta-Analysis. In Health and Academic Achievement-New Findings. 2021 Mental health 13 NA 13 0.33
TOTAL/AVERAGE 215 374,931 39,118 0.29
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