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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Vouchers

Overview

  • Influence: Vouchers
  • Domain: School
  • Sub-Domain: School resourcing
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a small positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Availability of school vouchers to parents to use public funding allocated for their child's education to pay for tuition at a private school of their choice

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 2
  • Number of studies: 42
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 363
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.13
  • Robustness index: 2

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Report Shakeel, Anderson, Wolf The Participant Effects of Private School Vouchers across the Globe: A Meta-Analytic and Systematic Review 2016 Vouchers for funding 19 NA 262 0.17
Conference paper Bennett, Banerjee, Doan, Geib, & Burley The effect of voucher programs on student achievement: A meta-analysis 2018 Vouchers for funding 23 NA 101 0.10
TOTAL/AVERAGE 42 NA 363 0.14
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