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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Technology with high school students

Overview

  • Influence: Technology with high school students
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: ICT
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: The use of various computer technologies in the teaching of high school or secondary students.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 8
  • Number of studies: 597
  • Number of students: 34,211
  • Number of effects: 677
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.30
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Educational Psychology, Kulik, Bangert & Williams Effects of computer-based teaching on secondary school students. 1983 ICT on high school students 51 NA 51 0.32
The Journal of Educational Research Kulik, Schwalb, & Kulik Programmed instruction in secondary education: A meta-analysis of evaluation findings. 1982 ICT with high school students 97 NA 97 0.36
Conference paper Bangert-Drowns Meta-Analysis of Findings on Computer-Based Education with Precollege Students 1985 ICT with pre-college students 74 NA 74 0.33
Journal of computing in higher education Schmid, Bernard, Borokhovski, Tamim, Abrami, Surkes, Wade & Woods Technology's effect on achievement in higher education: a Stage I meta-analysis of classroom applications.  2009 Technology in high schools 231 25,497 310 0.28
Journal of Computer-Based Instruction Bangert-Drowns, Kulik & Kulik Effectiveness of Computer-Based Education in Secondary Schools 1985 ICT in high school schools 42 NA 42 0.26
Journal of Educational Computing Research Christmann, Badgett & Lucking Microcomputer-based computer-assisted instruction within differing subject areas: A statistical deduction. 1997 ICT in high schools 26 3,694 27 0.19
Journal of Research on Computing in Education Christmann, Badgett & Lucking Progressive comparison of the effects of computer-assisted instruction on the academic achievement of secondary students. 1997 ICT in high schools 11 5,020 11 0.28
Dissertation Kuchler The effectiveness of using computers to teach secondary school (Grades 6-12) mathematics: A meta-analysis 1998 ICT in Secondary to teach math 65 NA 65 0.32
TOTAL/AVERAGE 597 34,211 677 0.29
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