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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.3 – Updated November 2024

Teacher-student relationships

Overview

  • Influence: Teacher-student relationships
  • Domain: Classroom
  • Sub-Domain: Classroom climate
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The quality of the relationship between the teacher and student, and in many cases also the relationships, or lack thereof, developed by the teacher between the students.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 7
  • Number of studies: 733
  • Number of students: 7,059,812
  • Number of effects: 1,924
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.57
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author First Author's Country Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Review of Educational Research Cornelius-White USA Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis 2007 Teacher-student relations on achievement 229 355,325 1,450 0.72
Review of Educational Research Roorda, Koomen, Spilt & Oort Germany The Influence of Affective Teacher-Student Relationships on Students' School Engagement and Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Approach 2011 Teacher-student relations on achievement 99 165,926 168 0.53
Review of Educational Research Vandenbroucke, Spilt, Verschueren, Piccinin, & Baeyens Belgium The classroom as a developmental context for cognitive development: A meta-analysis on the importance of teacher–student interactions for children's executive functions 2018 Teacher-student interactions on Executive functioning 23 19,906 23 0.18
Review of Educational Research Kincade, Cook, & Goerdt USA Meta-analysis and common practice elements of universal approaches to improving student-teacher relationships 2020 Teacher-student programs on achievement 21 0 21 0.26
Global Studies Wang & Dong China Meta-analysis of the impact of teacher-student relationship pattern on students' academic achievement. 2017 Teacher-student relations on achievement 56 47,694 56 0.65
Report Emslander, Holzberger, Ofstad, Fischbach, Scherer Luxembourg Teacher-Student Relationships and Student Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses and Second-Order Meta-Analysis. 2023 Teacher-student relations on achievement 231 6,237,000 116 0.50
School Psychology International Lei, Wang, Chiu, Du, & Xie China Teacher-student relationship and academic achievement in China. 2022 Teacher-student relations on achievement 74 233,961 90 0.54
TOTAL/AVERAGE 733 7,059,812 1,924 0.48
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