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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Task complexity

Overview

  • Influence: Task complexity
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Learning intentions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Task complexity relates the number of levels of cognitive processing, the tasks involved in the lesson, and the amount of switching between surface and deeper ideas, or skills of students to be cognitively complex

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 3
  • Number of studies: 331
  • Number of students: 2,845
  • Number of effects: 352
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.62
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Language Learning Jackson & Suethanapornkul The cognition hypotheses: A synthesis and meta-analysis of research on second language task complexity. 2013 Increasing task complexity 17 NA 99 0.09
Human Performance Woznyj, Banks, Dunn, Berka, & Woehr Re-introducing cognitive complexity: A meta-analysis and agenda for future research. 2020 Complexity of achievement and work outcomes 74 2,845 13 0.39
Conference paper Norris, Sasayama, & Malicka Meta-analysis of task complexity effects on L2 performance: Implications for assessment. Germany. European Association for Language Testing 2018 Increasing complexity, reducing extraneous load 240 NA 240 0.73
TOTAL/AVERAGE 331 2,845 352 0.40
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