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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Tactile stimulation

Overview

  • Influence: Tactile stimulation
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Other curricula programs
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Students who struggle with achievement in school are provided with tactile stimulation and environment manipulation aimed to increase focus and time-on-task and attention. Tactile stimulation includes the activating of nerve signals beneath the skin's surface that inform the body of texture, temperature and other touch-sensations (warming, drying, rubbing).

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 1
  • Number of studies: 19
  • Number of students: 372
  • Number of effects: 14
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.36
  • Robustness index: 1

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Ottenbacher, Muller, Brandt, Heintzelman, Hojem, & Sharpe The effectiveness of tactile stimulation as a form of early intervention: a quantitative evaluation 1987 Tactile stimulation on cognitive/language 19 372 14 0.36
TOTAL/AVERAGE 19 372 14 0.36
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