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Version 1.2 – Updated June 2023

Sound or inference

Overview

  • Influence: Sound or inference
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Reading, writing and the arts
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Sound or inference includes programs that derive word meaning from context, spelling to sound regularities and reading, morphological teaching, or rapid automatized naming and reading.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 81
  • Number of students: 3,768
  • Number of effects: 436
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.43
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author First Author's Country Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Review of Educational Research Fuchs, Fuchs, Mathes, Lipsey, & Roberts Netherlands Is "Learning Disabilities" Just a Fancy Term for Low Achievement? A Meta-Analysis of Reading Differences between Low Achievers with and without the Label. Executive Summary. 2001 Deriving word meaning from context 12 0 21 0.43
Journal of Educational Psychology Metsala, Stanovich, & Brown USA Regularity Effects and the Phonological Deficit Model of Reading Disabilities: A Meta-Analytic Review 1998 Spelling to sound regularities and reading 17 1,116 38 0.58
Review of Educational Research Bowers, Kirby & Deacon USA The effects of morphological instruction on literacy skills: A systematic review of the literature 2010 Morphological teaching 22 2,652 285 0.32
Annals of Dyslexia Goodwin & Ahn USA A meta-analysis of morphological interventions: Effects on literacy achievement of children with literacy difficulties 2010 Morphological teaching 17 0 79 0.33
Journal of Educational Psychology Elleman USA Examining the impact of inference instruction on the literal and inferential comprehension of skilled and less skilled readers: A meta-analytic review 2017 Inference instruction on comprehension 13 0 13 0.58
TOTAL/AVERAGE 81 3,768 436 0.45
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