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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Self-directed learning

Overview

  • Influence: Self-directed learning
  • Domain: Student Learning Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Student-focused interventions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Learning where the student takes charge of the learning, seeks out information and develops solutions with minimal or no aid by a teacher

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 2
  • Number of studies: 104
  • Number of students: 34,601
  • Number of effects: 223
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.60
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Agricultural Education and Human Resource Development Ku, Yang, & Choi A meta-analysis on the effects of academic achievement in self-directed learning; Focused on theses and journal paper in Korea since 2000 2012 Self-directed learning 61 NA 70 0.67
 Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Doo & Zhu A meta-analysis of effects of self-directed learning in online learning environments. 2022 Self-directed learning in online environments 43 34,601 153 0.51
TOTAL/AVERAGE 104 34,601 223 0.59
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