Skip to Content
Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Science programs

Overview

  • Influence: Science programs
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Math and sciences
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Innovative science curricula and programs

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 23
  • Number of studies: 1,235
  • Number of students: 251,219
  • Number of effects: 3,019
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.49
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Dissertation El-Nemr Meta-analysis of the outcomes of teaching biology as inquiry 1980 Traditional vs. inquiry method for biology 59 NA 250 0.17
Evaluation in Education Bredderman Process curricula in elementary school service 1980 Textbooks vs. process curricula 50 NA 17 0.12
Journal of Research in Science Teaching Weinstein, Boulanger, & Walberg Science curriculum effects in high school: A quantitative synthesis 1982 Science curriculum effects 33 19,149 151 0.31
Review of Educational Research Bredderman Effects of Activity-based Elementary Science on Student Outcomes: A Quantitative Synthesis 1983 Activity based methods 57 13,000 400 0.35
Journal of Research in Science Teaching Shymansky, Kyle, & Alport The effects of new science curricula on student performance 1983 New science curricula 105 45,626 341 0.43
Journal of Research in Science Teaching Wise & Okey A meta-analysis of the effects of various science teaching strategies on achievement 1983 Science teaching strategies 160 NA 400 0.34
The American Biology Teacher Shymansky BSCS programs: Just how effective were they? 1984 Biology science curricula 47 6,035 43 0.64
Learning Disability Quarterly Kaldenberg, Watt, & Therrien Reading Instruction in Science for Students With Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis 2015 Reading instruction in science 12 974 20 0.98
Learning Disability Quarterly Kaldenberg, Watt, & Therrien Reading instruction in science for students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis 2015 Projects 41 NA 42 1.00
Dissertation Schmidt Trends in k-12 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (stem) education and student achievement: a meta-analysis 2016 Science and Math instructional programs 14 NA 14 0.57
Review of Educational Research Ross Controlling Variables: A Meta-Analysis of Training Studies 1988 Controlling experiment variables while teaching science 65 NA 65 0.73
Developmental Review Schwichow, Crocker, Zimmerman, Hoffler, & Hartig Teaching the control-of-variables strategy: A meta-analysis. 2016 Controlling experiment variables while teaching science 72 NA 72 0.61
Review of Educational Research Donnelly & Linn Impacts and characteristics of computer-based science inquiry learning environments for precollege students. 2014 Inquiry delivery systems 44 NA 44 0.87
Conference paper Horak A Meta-Analysis of Learning Science Concepts from Textual Materials 1985 Learning science from textual materials 40 NA 472 0.57
Reading Research Quarterly Guzzetti, Snyder, Glass, & Gamas Meta-analysis of instructional interventions from reading education and science education to promote conceptual change in science 1995 Conceptual change in science 23 NA 35 0.29
Clearing House Wise Strategies for teaching science: What works? 1996 Strategies for science teaching 140 NA 375 0.32
Journal of Research in Science Teaching Schroeder, Scott, Tolson, Huang & Lee A Meta-Analysis of National Research: Effects of Teaching strategies on Student Achievement in Science in the United States 2007 Teaching strategies in science 61 159,695 61 0.67
Conference paper Pellegrini & Heroux Secondary Science Classrooms Gained From Technological Design: A Meta-Analysis 2011 Technological design curricula 118 2,297 118 0.51
Learning Disabilities Research and Practice Therrien, Taylor, Hosp Kaldenberg & Gorsh Science instruction for students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis 2011 Science programs for LD students 12 NA 17 0.77
Journal of Technology and Science Education Badeo & Duque The effect of Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) in teaching science: A meta-analysis study.  2022 Teaching socio-scientific issues 12 NA 12 1.08
Conference paper Sahin & Bae A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between the Science Writing Heuristic and Academic Achievement. 2020 Science argumentative inquiry 12 NA 12 1.08
Educational Research and Evaluation Engelmann, Neuhaus & Fischer Fostering scientific reasoning in education – meta-analytic evidence from intervention studies 2016 Scientific reasoning 30 4,443 30 0.71
Journal of Science Education Technology Hummel & Randler Living animals in the classroom: A meta-analysis on learning outcome and a treatment-control study focusing on knowledge and motivation. 2012 Living animals vs alternative (e.g., films) in science 28 NA 28 0.23
TOTAL/AVERAGE 1,235 251,219 3,019 0.58
Back to top