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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Robotics

Overview

  • Influence: Robotics
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Virtual/augmented reality
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The use of robotic technology, artificial intelligence to plan, teach, and evaluate learning

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 7
  • Number of studies: 178
  • Number of students: 15,037
  • Number of effects: 263
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.48
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Learning, Teaching and Education Athanasiou, Mikropoulos, & Mavridis Robotics Interventions for Improving Educational Outcomes-A Meta-analysis. In International Conference on Technology and Innovation 2018 Robotics on achievement 12 NA 12 0.70
Interactive Learning Environments Zheng, Niu, Zhong, & Gyasi The effectiveness of artificial intelligence on learning achievement and learning perception: A meta-analysis.  2021 Artificial intelligence 24 2,908 24 0.81
Educational Research Review Lee & Lee The effects of robot-assisted language learning: A meta-analysis 2022 Robotics on language teaching 12 522 12 0.59
International Journal of Technology in Education and Science Talan The effect of educational robotic applications on academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. 2021 Robots on achievement 39 2,606 39 0.39
Review of Educational Research Derakhshan, Teo, Robat, Enayat, & Jahanbakhsh Robot-Assisted Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis.  2024 Robot-assisted language learning 7 2,637 64 0.78
Review of Educational Research Wang & Cheung Robots' Social Behaviors for Language Learning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.  2024 Robot social behaviors for language learning 59 2,835 18 0.27
Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research García-Martínez, Fernández-Batanero, Fernández-Cerero, & León Analysing the impact of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sciences on Student Performance: Systematic Review and meta-analysis. 2023 Robots on achievement 25 3,529 94 0.55
TOTAL/AVERAGE 178 15,037 263 0.58
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