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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Parental involvement with homework

Overview

  • Influence: Parental involvement with homework
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Out-of-school
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a negative impact
  • Influence Definition: The degree of involvement parents have in helping students with their homework

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 268
  • Number of students: 410,898
  • Number of effects: 517
  • Weighted mean effect size: -0.17
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Psicothema Fernández-Alonso, Álvarez-Díaz, García-Crespo, Woitschach, & Muñiz, Should we Help our Children with Homework? A Meta-Analysis Using PISA Data.  2022 Parental help with homework 180 NA 180 -0.23
Review of Educational Research Patall, Cooper, & Robinson Parent involvement in homework: A research synthesis.  2008 Parental involvement with homework 20 NA 22 0.08
Frontiers in Psychology Jiang, Shi, Zheng & Mao Parental homework involvement and students' mathematics achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 Supportive involvement with homework 20 16,338 22 0.16
Frontiers in Psychology Jiang, Shi, Zheng &Mao Parental homework involvement and students' mathematics achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 Intrusive parental involvement 20 16,338 41 -0.31
Psicothema Xu, Guo, Feng, Ma, Zhang, Nunez, & Fan Parental homework involvement and students' achievement: A three-level meta-analysis.  2024 Parental involvement 28 378,222 252 -0.12
TOTAL/AVERAGE 268 410,898 517 -0.08
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