Skip to Content
Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Parental involvement

Overview

  • Influence: Parental involvement
  • Domain: Home
  • Sub-Domain: Home environment
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Parental involvement refers to the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and the child's life. This can be via events and volunteer opportunities, school management, helping with homework, etc. and can be done at home or in the school/community.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 34
  • Number of studies: 2,978
  • Number of students: 4,631,734
  • Number of effects: 5,080
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.37
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Dissertation Crimm Parent involvement and academic achievement: a meta-analysis 1992 Parent involvement and achievement 57 NA 57 0.39
Dissertation Rosenzweig A meta-analysis of parenting and school success: The role of parents in promoting students' academic performance 2000 Parent involvement and achievement 34 NA 474 0.31
Educational Psychology Review Fan & Chen Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis 2001 Parent involvement and achievement 92 NA 92 0.52
Conference paper Earhart, Ramirez, Carlson, & Beretvas Meta-analysis of parent-component interventions targeting academic achievement 2006 Parent involvement and achievement 22 NA 22 0.70
Journal of Early Intervention Casto & Lewis Parent involvement in infant and preschool programs 1984 Parent involvement in infant and preschool programs 76 NA 754 0.41
Developmental Psychology Hill & Tyson Effects of evaluation and assessment on student achievement: A review and meta- analysis 2009 Parent involvement in middle school 32 NA 92 0.36
Journal of Educational Psychology Kim & Hill Including fathers in the picture: A meta-analysis of parental involvement and students' academic achievement. 2015 Parental involvement 52 NA 52 0.14
Book Danisman The effect of parent involvement n student achievement. 2017 Parent involvement 251 378,069 251 0.43
Educational Psychology Review Ma, Shen, Krenn, Hu, & Yuan A meta-analysis of the relationship between learning outcomes and parental involvement during early childhood education and early elementary education 2016 Parental involvement on achievement 46 NA 46 1.18
Educational Research Review Castro, Exposito-Casas, Lopez-Martin, Lizasoain, Navarro-Asencio, & Gaviria Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis 2015 Parental involvement 37 80,580 39 0.25
Conference paper Morera Parental Involvement and Student Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis 2016 Parental involvement 37 NA 108 0.25
Review of Educational Research White, Taylor, & Moss Does research support claims about the benefits of involving parents in early intervention programs? 1992 Moderate to extensive parent involvement 205 NA 205 0.13
Educational Psychology Review Ma, Shen, Krenn, Hu, & Yuan A meta-analysis of the relationship between learning outcomes and parental involvement during early childhood education and early elementary education 2016 Parental involvement 46 NA 100 1.18
Report Sénéchal The Effect of Family Literacy Interventions on Children's Acquisition of Reading. From Kindergarten to Grade 3. A Meta-Analytic Review. 2006 Family involvement in reading 14 NA 14 0.68
Campbell Systematic Reviews Nye, Schwartz, & Turner Approaches to parent involvement for improving the academic performance 2006 Parental involvement 19 NA 19 0.45
Urban Education Jeynes A meta-analysis of the efficacy of different types of parental involvement programs for urban students. 2012 Parental involvement in urban areas - high 52 300,000 52 0.38
Urban Education Jeynes A Meta-Analysis of the Relation of Parental Involvement to Urban Elementary School Student Academic Achievement 2005 Parental involvement in urban areas - primary 41 20,000 41 0.74
Psychological Bulletin Barger, Kim, Kuncel, & Pomerantz The relation between parents' involvement in children's schooling and children's adjustment; A meta-analysis 2019 Parental involvement 448 384,410 510 0.30
Education and Urban Society Kim Kim, S.W. (2020). Meta-analysis of parental involvement and achievement in East Asian Countries. 2020 Parental involvement in East Asia 15 30,725 101 0.24
Exceptionality Goldman & Burke The effectiveness of interventions to increase parent involvement in special education: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. 2017 Parental involvement with special ed children 5 NA 5 0.26
Korean Journal of Youth Studies Kim & Kim A meta-analysis of the relationship between adolescents parent-attachment and school adjustment. 2018 Parental attachment 26 NA 37 0.52
Parenting Tan, Lyu, & Peng Academic benefits from parental involvement are stratified by parental socioeconomic status: A meta-analysis 2020 Parent involvement and achievement 98 806,359 355 0.28
Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction Ates The Relationship between Parental Involvement in Education and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. 2021 Parent involvement and achievement 53 NA 53 0.39
Journal of Learning for Development Erdem & Kaya A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Parental Involvement on Students' Academic Achievement 2020 Parental involvement 55 106,221 55 0.18
Journal of Family Psychology Cosso, von Suchodoletz, & Yoshikawa Effects of parental involvement programs on young children's academic and social–emotional outcomes: A meta-analysis.  2022 Parental involvement 39 NA 307 0.35
Journal of Schooling Studies Tong The influence of parental participation on the academic achievement of primary and middle school students: A meta-analysis based on 29 quantitative studies in China. 2022 Parental involvement 29 NA 34 0.32
Current Psychology Kaya & Selvitopu The roles of family contextual factors on immigrant students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 School-based parental involvement with immigrants 31 38,057 36 0.24
International Journal of Instruction Sujarwo & Herwin Parental involvement and student achievement: A meta. analysis of publications in the Scopus database. 2023 Parental involvement in East Asia 27 167,953 27 0.45
Educational Research Review Kim Fifty years of parental involvement and achievement research: A second-order meta-analysis. 2022 Parental involvement (2nd order meta) 889 2,241,516 889 0.37
International Review of Education He & Thompson Family involvement and English learners' outcomes: A synthetic analysis.  2022 Family involvement 21 6,105 26 0.30
Educational Psychology Review Smith, Sheridan, Kim, Park, & Beretvas The effects of family-school partnership interventions on academic and social emotional functioning. 2020 Parental involvement 39 10,749 137 0.25
Journal of Black Studies Jeynes A meta-analysis: The relationship between parental involvement and African American school outcomes.  2016 Parental involvement with African American students 42 35,826 42 0.36
Education and Urban Society Jeynes A meta-analysis: The relationship between parental involvement and Latino student outcomes.  2017 Parental involvement with Latino students 28 25,164 28 0.52
Education and Urban Society Jeynes meta-analysis: The effects of parental involvement on minority children's academic achievement.  2003 Parental involvement with minority students 20 NA 20 0.33
TOTAL/AVERAGE 2,978 4,631,734 5,080 0.42
Back to top