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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Parental expectations

Overview

  • Influence: Parental expectations
  • Domain: Home
  • Sub-Domain: Home environment
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The level of perceived expectations that parents have for the achievement success of their students.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 460
  • Number of students: 7,128,251
  • Number of effects: 414
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.49
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Book Phillipson Parental expectations on school achievement 2013 Parental expectations 82 NA 56 0.77
Educational Psychology Review Pinquart & Ebeling Parental educational expectations and academic achievement in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis 2019 Parental expectations 169 538,548 169 0.63
Urban Education Jeynes A Meta-Analysis: The Relationship Between the Parental Expectations Component of Parental Involvement with Students' Academic Achievement. 2022 Parental expectations 54 6,474,699 54 0.37
The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology Kang, Lee, & Song Meta-analysis of the student's perceived parental achievement pressure and the relationship between a child's academic performance, test instability, stress, and self-esteem. 2021 Parental expectations 124 76,947 124 0.21
Current Psychology Kaya & Selvitopu The roles of family contextual factors on immigrant students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 Home-based parental involvement with immigrants 31 38,057 11 0.32
TOTAL/AVERAGE 460 7,128,251 414 0.46
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