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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Montessori programs

Overview

  • Influence: Montessori programs
  • Domain: School
  • Sub-Domain: Pre-school interventions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Montessori schools emphasize self-directed learning, hands-on activities, and collaborative play in a prepared environment

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 3
  • Number of studies: 98
  • Number of students: 40,069
  • Number of effects: 413
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.54
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Conference paper Randolph, Bryson, & Lillard Montessori Education for improving academic and behavioral outcomes: A meta-analysis. 2022 Montessori on general academic ability 32 NA 32 0.26
Campbell Systematic Reviews Randolph, Bryson, Menon, Henderson, Kureethara Manuel, Michaels, Rosenstein, McPherson, O'Grady, Lillard Montessori education's impact on academic and Nonacademic Outcomes: A systematic review. 2023 Montessori on achievement 32 18,398 113 0.24
Contemporary Educational Psychology Demangeon, Claudel-Valetin, Aubry, & Tazouti A meta-analysis of the effects of Montessori education on five fields of development and learning in preschool and school-age children. 2023 Montessori on achievement 34 21,671 268 1.10
TOTAL/AVERAGE 98 40,069 413 0.53
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