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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Mathematics programs for LD

Overview

  • Influence: Mathematics programs for LD
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Math and sciences
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Specific math interventions for students with special needs.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 9
  • Number of studies: 289
  • Number of students: 14,052
  • Number of effects: 413
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.63
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology Chodura, Kuhn, & Holling Interventions for children with mathematical difficulties 2015 Interventions for those with math difficulties 35 NA 35 0.83
Exceptional Children Jitendra, Lein, Im, Alghamdi, Hefte, & Mouanoutoua Mathematical interventions for secondary students with learning disabilities and mathematics difficulties: A meta-analysis 2018 Secondary math interventions for LD students 18 NA 18 0.68
Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology Ise, Dolle, Pixner, & Schulte-Korne Interventions for children with mathematical difficulties. 2012 Interventions with poor math 8 328 8 0.50
Dissertation Lee A meta-analysis of mathematics interventions reported for 1971-1998 on the mathematics achievement of students identified with learning disabilities and students identified as low achieving 2000 Math programs on LD students 61 5,172 97 0.60
Remedial and Special Education Kroesbergen & Van Luit Mathematics Interventions for Children with Special Educational Needs: A Meta-Analysis 2003 ICT and Math with special education 58 2,509 58 0.75
Review of Educational Research Gersten, Chard, Jayanthi, Baker, Morph & Flojo Mathematics Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities or Difficulty Learning Mathematics: A Synthesis of the Intervention Research 2009 Math programs with LD students 44 4,772 108 0.55
Elementary School Journal Baker, Gersten, & Lee A synthesis of empirical research on teaching mathematics to low-achieving students. 2002 Feedback and peer tutoring with low achieving students 15 1,271 39 0.51
Learning Disabilities Research and Practice Dennis, Sharp, Chovanes, Thomas, Burns, Custer, & Park A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Research on Teaching Students with Mathematics Learning Difficulties 2016 Interventions for those with math difficulties 25 NA 25 0.53
Remedial and Special Education Stevens, Rodgers, & Powell Mathematics interventions for upper elementary and secondary students: A meta-analysis of research. Remedial and Special Education 2018 Math programs on LD students 25 NA 25 0.49
TOTAL/AVERAGE 289 14,052 413 0.60
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