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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Immediacy

Overview

  • Influence: Immediacy
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Instructional strategies
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Behaviors that communicate approachability, facilitating psychological closeness by displaying a timely response to student actions.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 2
  • Number of studies: 89
  • Number of students: 27,192
  • Number of effects: 89
  • Weighted mean effect size: 1.06
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Communication Monographs Witt, Wheeless, & Allen A meta-analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning. 2004 Immediacy of teacher feedback 81 24,474 81 1.15
Communication Education Allen, Witt, Wheeless The role of teacher immediacy as a motivational factor in student learning: using meta-analysis to test a causal model 2006 Immediacy on cognitive outcomes 8 2,718 8 0.16
TOTAL/AVERAGE 89 27,192 89 0.65
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