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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Frustration

Overview

  • Influence: Frustration
  • Domain: Student
  • Sub-Domain: Emotions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a negative impact
  • Influence Definition: Frustration can be seen as a blend of anger and disappointment.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 1
  • Number of studies: 9
  • Number of students: 1,418
  • Number of effects: 9
  • Weighted mean effect size: -0.04
  • Robustness index: 1

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Educational Psychology Review Camacho-Morles, Slemp, Pekrun, Loderer, Hou, & Oades Activity achievement emotions and academic performance: A meta-analysis. 2021 Frustration on achievement 9 1,418 9 -0.04
TOTAL/AVERAGE 9 1,418 9 -0.04
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