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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Feedback (Timing)

Overview

  • Influence: Feedback (Timing)
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Feedback
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The timing of feedback - immediate or delayed.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 1
  • Number of studies: 53
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 53
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.49
  • Robustness index: 2

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Review of Educational Research Kulik & Kulik Timing of feedback and verbal learning 1988 Timing of feedback 53 NA 53 0.49
TOTAL/AVERAGE 53 NA 53 0.49
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