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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Feedback (Technology)

Overview

  • Influence: Feedback (Technology)
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Feedback
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The use of technology to provide feedback.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 4
  • Number of studies: 102
  • Number of students: 6,769
  • Number of effects: 132
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.65
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Review of Educational Research van der Kleij, Feskens, & Eggen Effects of feedback in a computer-based learning environment on students' learning outcomes: A meta-analysis. 2015 Feedback in ICT 40 4,266 70 0.42
Journal of Educational Computing Research Azevedo & Bernard A meta-analysis of the effects of feedback in computer-based instruction. 1995 Computer presented feedback 22 NA 22 0.80
Journal of Educational Computing Research Moshen Computer-mediated corrective feedback to improve L2 writing skills: A meta-analysis.  2022 Computer mediated feedback 14 1,220 14 1.21
The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language Mohamed Feedback in computer-assisted language learning: A meta-analysis. 2022 Feedback re computer in language learning 26 1,283 26 0.56
TOTAL/AVERAGE 102 6,769 132 0.75
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