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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Feedback (Tasks & Processes)

Overview

  • Influence: Feedback (Tasks & Processes)
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Feedback
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Feedback aimed more at improving the content or facts or ideas.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 10
  • Number of studies: 138
  • Number of students: 3,624
  • Number of effects: 170
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.73
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Dissertation Miller The effectiveness of corrective feedback: A meta-analysis 2003 Corrective feedback on learning 8 NA 8 1.08
Modern Language Journal Kang & Han The efficacy of written corrective feedback in improving L2 written accuracy: A meta-analysis. 2015 Corrective feedback on learning 22 NA 22 0.68
Studies in Second Language Acquisition Lyster & Saito Oral Feedback in Classroom SLA 2010 Oral feedback on learning 15 NA 28 0.74
Language Learning Li The Effectiveness of Corrective Feedback in SLA: A Meta-Analysis 2010 Corrective feedback on learning 33 1,773 28 0.64
Journal of Second Language Writing Truscott The effect of error correction on learners' ability to write accurately 2007 Error correction on writing 6 283 20 0.15
Book Russell & Spada The effectiveness of corrective feedback for the acquisition of L2 grammar: A meta-analysis of the research 2006 Error correction on writing 15 NA 15 1.16
Asia-Pacific Education Researcher Lv, Ren, & Xie The Effects of Online Feedback on ESL/EFL Writing: A Meta-Analysis. 2021 Online feedback on learning 17 1,568 17 0.75
TESL-EJ Kao Effects of focused feedback on the acquisition of two English articles. 2013 Focused feedback 7 NA 7 0.70
Journal of Research in Reading Swart, Nielen, & Sikkema-de Jong Does feedback targeting text comprehension trigger the use of reading strategies or changes in readers' attitudes? A meta-analysis.  2022 Feedback targeting comprehension 8 NA 8 0.61
Dissertation Brobst A Meta-analysis of Studies on Error Correction in Second Language Writing 2009 Error correction on writing 7 NA 17 0.55
TOTAL/AVERAGE 138 3,624 170 0.71
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