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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Feedback (Self)

Overview

  • Influence: Feedback (Self)
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Feedback
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a small positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Feedback about the self, including praise.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 2
  • Number of studies: 103
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 103
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.14
  • Robustness index: 2

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Review of Educational Research Getsie, Langer, & Glass Meta-analysis of the effects of type and combination of feedback on children's discrimination learning. 1985 Rewards and punishment 89 NA 89 0.14
Dissertation Wilkinson The relationship of teacher praise and student achievement: a meta-analysis of selected research 1980 Teacher praise 14 NA 14 0.15
TOTAL/AVERAGE 103 NA 103 0.15
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