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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Feedback

Overview

  • Influence: Feedback
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Feedback
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Feedback is information provided by an agent (e.g., teacher, peer, book, parent, self/experience) regarding aspects of one's performance or understanding that reduces the discrepancy between what is understood, what is aimed to be understood, and where to move next in their learning.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 10
  • Number of studies: 1,116
  • Number of students: 14,049
  • Number of effects: 3,433
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.50
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Child Education Jeong-Hwa & Byung-gee A meta-analysis of feedback effects on academic achievement. 2019 Feedback 180 NA 1,393 0.59
Journal of Research in Science Teaching Yeany & Miller Effects of diagnostic/remedial instruction on science learning: A meta analysis 1983 Diagnostic feedback in college science 49 NA 49 0.52
Psychological Bulletin Kluger & DeNisi The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory 1996 Feedback 470 12,652 470 0.38
Human Performance Neubert The value of feedback and goal setting over goal setting alone and potential moderators of this effect: A meta-analysis 1998 Goals plus feedback 16 744 16 0.63
Advances in Health Sciences Education Hatala, Cook, Zendejas, Hamstra, & Brydges Feedback for simulation-based procedural skills training: a meta-analysis and critical narrative synthesis. 2014 Feedback for simulation skills 31 653 31 0.74
Report Biber, Nekrasova, & Horn The effectiveness of feedback for L1-English and L2 writing development: A meta-analysis. 2011 Feedback in ESL Writing and Reading 25 NA 88 0.87
Asian EFL Journal Thirakunkovit & Chamcharatsri A meta-analysis of effectiveness of teacher and peer feedback: Implications for writing instructions and research. 2019 Teacher feedback 27 NA 52 0.90
Korean Association for Children's Education Lee & Bak A Meta-Analysis of Feedback Effects on Academic Achievement 2018 Feedback 180 NA 991 0.59
Journal of Educational Psychology Mertens, Finn, & Lindner Effects of computer-based feedback on lower- and higher-order learning outcomes: A network meta-analysis. 2022 Computer presented feedback 77 NA 163 0.40
Conference paper Gui, Cai, Mao, & Wang The effect of feedback on learning in technology-rich learning environments: A three-level meta-analysis 2022 Feedback in rich technology contexts 61 NA 180 0.44
TOTAL/AVERAGE 1,116 14,049 3,433 0.61
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