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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

FaceTime and social media

Overview

  • Influence: FaceTime and social media
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Mobile/touch
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The frequency of use of Facebook, social media, and mobile phones

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 4
  • Number of studies: 130
  • Number of students: 108,660
  • Number of effects: 130
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.61
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Dissertation Marker, Gnambs, & Appel Active on Facebook and Failing at School? Meta-Analytic Findings on the Relationship Between Online Social Networking Activities and Academic Achievement 2018 Facebook and learning 10 2,589 10 -0.15
Conference paper Novakovich & Fournier-Sylvester The impact of social media practices on learning outcomes in higher education: A meta-analysis 2014 Social media practices 51 4,630 51 0.32
Conference paper Duha, Tang, Matsuo, Zhu, & Maeda The effect of the use of social media on college students language learning: A meta-analysis 2024 Social media on foreign languages 41 NA 41 1.66
Computers in Human Behavior Liu, Kirschner, & Karpinski A meta-analysis of the relationship of academic performance and Social Network Site use among adolescents and young adults 2017 Facebook and learning 28 101,441 28 -0.15
TOTAL/AVERAGE 130 108,660 130 0.42
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