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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Enrichment programs

Overview

  • Influence: Enrichment programs
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Curricula for gifted students
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Programs that provide gifted and talented students with activities that add to or go beyond the existing curriculum. They may occur in the classroom or in a separate setting such as a pull-out program.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 6
  • Number of studies: 258
  • Number of students: 146,009
  • Number of effects: 420
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.50
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Book Wallace The effects of enrichment on gifted students: a quantitative synthesis 1989 Enrichment programs with gifted 138 22,908 136 0.57
Educational and Child Psychology Romney A meta-analytic evaluation of Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment program 2001 Feuerstein's instrumental enrichment with gifted 40 13,428 47 0.35
Gifted Child Quarterly Kim A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Enrichment Programs on Gifted Students 2016 Enrichment programs with gifted 13 NA 13 0.96
Gifted Child Quarterly Henfield, Woo, & Bang Gifted Ethnic Minority Students and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis 2017 Gifted on African American students 13 10,616 13 0.25
Dissertation Shiell A meta-analysis of Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment 2002 Feuerstein's instrumental enrichment with gifted 32 NA 189 0.21
Dissertation Tosun Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Enrichment Programs on the Academic Achievement of Gifted and Talented Students 2022 Enrichment programs with gifted 22 99,057 22 0.68
TOTAL/AVERAGE 258 146,009 420 0.50
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