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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Emotional intelligence

Overview

  • Influence: Emotional intelligence
  • Domain: Student
  • Sub-Domain: Emotions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions through use of skills in regulation, management, and expression of emotion-related information as well as self-control and self-motivation. These skills are applied in positive ways to communicate effectively, relieve stress, empathize with others, overcome challenges and diffuse problems.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 13
  • Number of studies: 614
  • Number of students: 141,841
  • Number of effects: 1,908
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.53
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Learning and Individual Differences Perera & DiGiacomo The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with academic performance: A meta-analytic review 2013 Emotional intelligence 48 10,292 74 0.41
Learning and Individual Differences Voltmer & von Salisch Three meta-analyses of children's emotion knowledge and their school success 2017 Emotional knowledge 49 6,903 84 0.68
Psychological Bulletin MacCann, Jiang, Brown, Double, Bucich, & Minbashian Emotional Intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 2019 Emotional intelligence 162 42,529 188 0.41
Annals of Psychology Puertas-Molero, Zurita-Ortega, Chacón-Cuberos, Castro-Sánchez, Ramírez-Granizo, & Gonzalex-Valero Emotional intelligence in the field of education: a meta-analysis 2020 Emotional intelligence 4 NA 20 0.18
American Journal of Education Manimozhi & Srinivasan Emotional Intelligence and academic achievement 2018 Emotional intelligence 25 6,683 20 0.85
Journal Pendidikan Progresif Martaputri, Muhtadi, Hukom, & Samal The Correlation between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement: A Meta Analysis Study 2021 Emotional intelligence 20 5,737 20 0.61
Developmental Neuropsychology Somaa, Asghar & Hamid Academic Performance and Emotional Intelligence with Age and Gender as Moderators: A Meta-analysis 2021 Emotional intelligence 161 43,630 1,357 0.30
Acta facultatis medicae Naissensis Ranjbar, Khademi, & Areshtanab The relation between academic achievement and emotional intelligence in Iranian students: A meta-analysis.  2017 Emotional intelligence 23 4,643 23 0.32
International Journal of Instruction Kalan, Mohammad, Avarsin, & Najafi A meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in Persian speakers databases.  2018 Emotional intelligence 18 NA 18 0.95
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science Emaikwu Meta-analysis of effect size statistic on the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in North Central Nigeria 2021 Emotional intelligence 29 9,613 29 1.35
Education Sciences Quílez-Robres, Moyano, & Cortés-Pascual Motivational, Emotional, and Social Factors Explain Academic Achievement in Children Aged 6–12 Years: A Meta-Analysis. 2021 Emotional 12 3,931 12 0.35
BMC Medical Education Zhou, Tavan, Kavarizadeh, Sarokhani, & Sayehmori The relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and student achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024 Emotional intelligence 27 5,504 27 1.15
International Journal of Instruction Muhtadi, Pujiriyanto, Syafruddin, Hukom, & Samal A meta analysis: Emotional intelligence and its effect on mathematics achievement.  2022 Emotional intelligence 36 2,376 36 0.65
TOTAL/AVERAGE 614 141,841 1,908 0.63
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