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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Counseling effects

Overview

  • Influence: Counseling effects
  • Domain: Classroom
  • Sub-Domain: Classroom management
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Students can be referred to counselors, in or out of school, who review the affect, the beliefs, and the social context as seen through the eyes of the student. The beneficial effects of counseling are aimed towards student adjustment, retention, and academic success; however, counseling continues to be stigmatized by many students—reducing overall rates of adoption and completion.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 280
  • Number of students: 1,829
  • Number of effects: 234
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.27
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of School Psychology Prout & Prout A meta-analysis of school-based studies of counseling and psychotherapy: An update. 1998 Counseling on cognitive outcomes 17 550 6 0.00
Journal of Counseling & Development Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Elder School counseling outcome: A meta-analytic examination of interventions.  2011 Counseling on cognitive outcomes 150 NA 96 0.19
Psychology in the Schools Reese, Prout, Zirkelback & Anderson Effectiveness of school-based psychotherapy: A meta-analysis of dissertation research 2010 Counseling on cognitive outcomes 25 NA 25 0.55
Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation Villares, Frain, Brigman, Webb & Peluso The impact of student success skills on standardized test scores: A meta-analysis 2012 Counseling Student Success Skills 5 1,279 5 0.29
Journal of Counseling Psychology Baskin, Slaten, Merson, Sorenson & Glover-Russell Does youth psychotherapy improve academically related outcomes? A meta-analysis 2010 Psychotherapy on academic outcomes 83 NA 102 0.38
TOTAL/AVERAGE 280 1,829 234 0.28
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