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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Classroom management

Overview

  • Influence: Classroom management
  • Domain: Classroom
  • Sub-Domain: Classroom management
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The process by which teachers maintain in their classrooms an environment of order and respect. Effective classroom management techniques depend on planning and prevention: the orderly arrangement of the physical space prior to the arrival of students; the establishment of fair and reasonable rules; the advance, moment-by-moment planning of instruction; clear and direct communication; and advance planning for the management of students.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 6
  • Number of studies: 365
  • Number of students: 480,969
  • Number of effects: 372
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.43
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Report Marzano, Gaddy & D'Arcangelo Classroom management that works: Facilitator's Guide 2004 Classroom management on achievement 100 NA 5 0.52
Review of Educational Research Korpershoek, Harms, de Boer, van Kuijk, & Doolaard A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Classroom Management Strategies and Classroom Management Programs on Students' Academic, Behavioral, Emotional, and Motivational Outcomes 2016 Classroom management on achievement 54 NA 54 0.17
Dissertation Robinson A meta-analysis of the efficacy of classroom management training programs for teachers 1989 Classroom management programs 13 969 13 0.43
Educational Psychologist Patall, Yates, Lee, Chen, Bhat, Lee, Bertvas, Lin, Yang, Jacobson, Harris & Hanson A meta-analysis of teachers' provision of structure in the classroom and students' academic competence beliefs, engagement, and achievement.  2024 Classroom management programs 80 NA 80 0.11
Educational Psychologist Patall, Yates, Lee, Chen, Bhat, Lee, Bertvas, Lin, Yang, Jacobson, Harris & Hanson A meta-analysis of teachers' provision of structure in the classroom and students' academic competence beliefs, engagement, and achievement.  2024 Classroom intervention studies 31 NA 31 0.33
Educational Psychology Review Duan, Bissaker, & Xu Correlates of teachers' classroom management self-efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.  2024 Management self-efficacy on achievement 87 480,000 189 0.82
TOTAL/AVERAGE 365 480,969 372 0.40
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