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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Class climate effects

Overview

  • Influence: Class climate effects
  • Domain: Classroom
  • Sub-Domain: Classroom climate
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: The sense of warmth, sense of belonging, and support or otherwise within a learning context

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 3
  • Number of studies: 78
  • Number of students: 542,456
  • Number of effects: 761
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.31
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Educational Research Haertel, Walberg & Haertel Social-psychological environments and learning. 1981 Classroom climate 10 14,837 403 0.35
Developmental Review Wang, Degol, Amemiya, Parr, & Guo Classroom climate and children's academic and psychological wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020 Classroom climate 30 36,307 151 0.24
School Effectiveness and School Improvement Demirtas-Zorbaz, Akin-Arikan, & Terzi Does school climate that includes students' views deliver academic achievement? A multilevel meta-analysis. 2021 Climate from student perspective 38 491,312 207 0.36
TOTAL/AVERAGE 78 542,456 761 0.32
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