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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Charter schools

Overview

  • Influence: Charter schools
  • Domain: School
  • Sub-Domain: Types of schools
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a small positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Schools that receive government funding but are independent of the public school system, and sometimes privately run. They operate as schools of choice typically adhering to the regulations of public schools. In some countries they are called Academies or Trust schools and they typically share more freedoms from the government regulations that apply to most schools.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 6
  • Number of studies: 347
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 780
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.04
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Conference paper Miron & Nelson Student Academic Achievement in Charter Schools: What We Know and Why We Know So Little 2001 Charter schools 18 NA 18 0.20
Report Betts & Tang Value-added and experimental studies of the effect of charter schools on student achievement 2008 Charter schools 191 NA 191 0.01
Campbell Collaboration Krowka, Hadd, & Marx "No Excuses" Charter Schools for Increasing Math and Literacy Achievement in Primary and Secondary Education 2017 Charter schools 73 NA 146 0.14
Dissertation Erickson Examining a decade of reading and mathematics student achievement among primary and secondary traditional public school and charter school students: A meta-analytic investigation  2013 Charter schools 11 NA 122 -0.27
Journal of School Choice Cheng, Hitt, Kisida, & Mills "No excuses" charter schools: A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence on student achievement 2017 No excuse charter schools 17 NA 266 0.14
Peabody Journal of Education Jeynes A Meta-Analysis on the Effects and Contributions of Public, Public Charter, and Religious Schools on Student Outcomes 2012 Charter schools 37 NA 37 0.01
TOTAL/AVERAGE 347 NA 780 0.04
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