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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Artificial Intelligence

Overview

  • Influence: Artificial Intelligence
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Virtual/augmented reality
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Use of artificial intelligence to assist student learning

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 130
  • Number of students: 19,894
  • Number of effects: 178
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.39
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Conference paper Novakovich & Fournier-Sylvester A meta-analysis of the impact of social media on learning outcomes in higher education 2014 Social network tools on learning 41 4,630 51 0.32
NAER: Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research Garcia-Martinez, Fernandez-Batanero, Fernandez-Ceroro, & Leon Analysing the impact of artificial intelligence and computational sciences on student performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. 2023 Artificial Intelligence on learning 25 3,260 25 0.55
Book Lin, Zhang, Xi, & Chu Exploring the effectiveness and moderators of artificial intelligence in the classroom: A meta-analysis. 2022 Artificial Intelligence on learning 21 4,966 23 0.33
Sustainability Hwang Examining the effects of artificial intelligence on elementary students' mathematics achievement: A meta-analysis.  2022 Artificial Intelligence on learning 21 2,127 30 0.35
Educational Psychology Review Dai, Ke, Pan, Moon, & Liu Effects of artificial intelligence-powered virtual agents on learning outcomes in computer-based simulations: A meta-analysis.  2024 AI virtual agents in simulations 22 4,911 49 0.43
TOTAL/AVERAGE 130 19,894 178 0.40
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