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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Argumentation / Classroom discussion

Overview

  • Influence: Argumentation / Classroom discussion
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Instructional strategies
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: A form of instruction in which students are invited to speak about the topic at hand. It involves much more than a teacher asking a class a question, then another, etc., but involves students discussing with each other, often prompted from an open and not closed set of questions. Provides a classroom environment that gives all students the opportunity to speak and learn from each other.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 165
  • Number of students: 2,753
  • Number of effects: 169
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.86
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Computers and Education Wecker & Fischer Where is the evidence? A meta-analysis on the role of argumentation for the acquisition of domain-specific knowledge in computer-supported collaborative learning 2014 Argumentation in collaborative learning 12 1,235 17 0.39
Journal of Educational Psychology Murphy, Wilkinson, Soter & Hennessey Examining the Effects of Classroom Discussion on Students' Comprehension of Text: A Meta-Analysis 2009 Fostering classroom discussion 42 NA 42 0.82
Conference paper Ramallosa, Funa, Geron, Ibardaloza, & Prudente Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Argument-Based Learning on Students' Conceptual Understanding 2022 Argumentation in science 14 NA 14 0.80
International Journal of Human Sciences Çömek, Sariçayir, & Erdogan Effectiveness of the argumentation method: A meta-analysis. 2015 Argumentation in science 25 1,518 25 1.00
Asia Pacific Education Review Koçoglu & Kanadli Effect of argumentation-based instruction on student achievement: a mixed-research synthesis.  2024 Argumentation 72 NA 71 0.93
TOTAL/AVERAGE 165 2,753 169 0.79
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