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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Technology with elementary students

Overview

  • Influence: Technology with elementary students
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: ICT
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The use of various computer technologies in the teaching of elementary or primary students.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 5
  • Number of studies: 224
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 606
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.42
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Conference paper Kulik, Kulik, & Bangert-Drowns Effects of computer-based education on elementary school pupils 1984 ICT with elementary students 25 NA 25 0.48
Computers in Human Behavior Kulik, Kulik, & Bangert-Drowns Effectiveness of computer-based education in elementary schools 1985 ICT with elementary students 32 NA 32 0.47
Journal of Research on Computing in Education Niemiec, Samson, Weinstein & Walberg The effects of computer based instruction in elementary schools: A quantitative synthesis 1987 ICT with elementary students 48 NA 224 0.32
Dissertation Ouyang, Gerlach, Bieger, & Mikkelsen A Meta-Analysis: Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction at the Level of Elementary Education (K-6) 1993 ICT in elementary schools 79 NA 267 0.50
Dissertation Jones The effects of the Writing to Read computer program on reading achievement and attitudes of second-grade children 1991 ICT on elementary students 40 NA 58 0.31
TOTAL/AVERAGE 224 NA 606 0.42
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