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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Planning and prediction

Overview

  • Influence: Planning and prediction
  • Domain: Teaching Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Learning intentions
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: An explicit focus on planning and the use of time, based on which the students have to determine how they are going to perform and what they will need to perform well.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 3
  • Number of studies: 109
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 150
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.76
  • Robustness index: 2

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Educational Research Review Dignath, Buettner & Langfeldt How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively?: A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. 2008 Planning 30 NA 40 0.48
Educational Research Review Donker, de Boer, Kostons, van Ewijk, & Van der Werf Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis. 2014 Planning 58 NA 68 0.80
Asia Pacific Education Review Kim, Kim, Lee, Park, Hong, & Kim Effects of Cognitive Learning Strategies for Korean Learners. 2008 Planning 21 NA 42 1.04
TOTAL/AVERAGE 109 NA 150 0.77
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