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Version 1.2 – Updated June 2023

Homework

Overview

  • Influence: Homework
  • Domain: Technology, School, and Out-of-School Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Out-of-school
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have positive impact
  • Influence Definition: Schoolwork that students are asked to complete after school hours.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 9
  • Number of studies: 265
  • Number of students: 331,574
  • Number of effects: 434
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.29
  • Robustness index: 4

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author First Author's Country Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Educational Research Paschal, Weinstein, & Walberg USA The effects of homework on learning: A quantitative synthesis 1984 Homework on learning 15 0 81 0.36
Educational Leadership Cooper USA Synthesis of Research on Homework 1989 Homework on achievement 20 2,154 20 0.21
Educational Research Review Fan, Xu, Cai, He, & Fan China Homework and students' achievement in math and science: A 30-year meta-analysis, 1986–2015. 2017 Homework 28 0 61 0.45
Issues in Educational Research Bas, Senturk, & Cigerci Turkey Homework and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research 2017 Homework on achievement 11 862 11 0.23
Educational Psychology Ozyildirim Turkey Time Spent on Homework and Academic Achievement: A Meta-analysis Study Related to Results of TIMSS. 2021 Homework time 48 225,430 48 0.19
Report Scheerens, Hendriks, Luyten, Sleegers, & Cees Netherlands Productive time in education. A review of the effectiveness of teaching time at school, homework and extended time outside school hours 2013 Homework on achievement 17 0 19 0.09
Dissertation DeBaz USA A meta-analysis of the relationship between students' characteristics and achievement and attitudes toward science 1994 Homework in science 77 41,828 77 0.39
Research/Practice Cooper USA Homework research and policy: A review of the literature 1994 Homework on learning 17 3,300 48 0.21
Review of Educational Research Cooper, Robinson, & Patall USA Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research 1987-2003 2006 Homework from studies 1987-2004 32 58,000 69 0.28
TOTAL/AVERAGE 265 331,574 434 0.27
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