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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Home environment

Overview

  • Influence: Home environment
  • Domain: Home
  • Sub-Domain: Home environment
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Home environment comprises several interrelated material and interpersonal factors, including learning materials, language stimulation, caregiver responsivity, academic stimulation, behavioral modelling, acceptance, physical safety, and more

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 8
  • Number of studies: 227
  • Number of students: 126,243
  • Number of effects: 845
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.33
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Experimental Education Iverson & Walberg Home environment and school learning: A quantitative synthesis 1982 Home environment and school learning 18 5,831 92 0.80
Longitudinal research Gottfried & Gottfried Home environment and cognitive development in young children of middle-socioeconomic-status families. Home environment and early cognitive development: longitudinal research 1984 Home environment and early achievement 17 NA 17 0.34
Communication Education Strom & Boster Dropping out of high school: a meta-analysis assessing the effect of messages in the home and in school 2007 Home communicative support 13 24,047 13 0.42
Psychological Bulletin Daucourt, Napoli, Quinn, Wood, & Hart, The home math environment and math achievement: A meta-analysis.  2021 Home mathematics environment 64 NA 631 0.26
Language Learning and Development Dong & Chow Home Literacy Environment and English as A Second Language Acquisition: A Meta-analysis.  2022 Home literacy environment 18 4,401 22 0.68
Psychological Bulletin Andrews, Atkinson, Harris, & Gonzalez Examining the effects of household chaos on child executive functions: A meta-analysis 2021 Lack of home chaos 35 15,850 36 0.32
Current Psychology Kaya & Selvitopu The roles of family contextual factors on immigrant students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 Family relations with immigrants 31 38,057 21 0.24
Current Psychology Kaya & Selvitopu The roles of family contextual factors on immigrant students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. 2023 Parental expectations with immigrants 31 38,057 13 0.06
TOTAL/AVERAGE 227 126,243 845 0.39
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