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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Family on welfare / state aid

Overview

  • Influence: Family on welfare / state aid
  • Domain: Home
  • Sub-Domain: Family resources
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a negative impact
  • Influence Definition: A government program that provides financial aid to individuals and families. There are many forms of welfare and state aid to assist families.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 1
  • Number of studies: 8
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 8
  • Weighted mean effect size: -0.12
  • Robustness index: 1

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Research on Adolescence Gennetian, Duncan, Knox, Clark-Kauffman, & London How Welfare Policies Affect Adolescents' School Outcomes: A Synthesis of Evidence from Experimental Studies 2002 Families receiving welfare on school achievement 8 NA 8 -0.12
TOTAL/AVERAGE 8 NA 8 -0.12
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