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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Elaboration and organization

Overview

  • Influence: Elaboration and organization
  • Domain: Student Learning Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: These programs aim to help students build an internal connection between what is being learned and previous knowledge.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 2
  • Number of studies: 60
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 64
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.72
  • Robustness index: 2

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Educational Research Review Donker, de Boer, Kostons, van Ewijk, & Van der Werf Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis 2014 Elaboration 50 NA 50 0.75
Conference paper van Zundert & Janssen Elaboration mediates the relationship between interdependence and learning outcomes of cooperative learning: A mediation meta-analysis 2020 Elaboration 10 NA 14 0.58
TOTAL/AVERAGE 60 NA 64 0.67
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