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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Effort management

Overview

  • Influence: Effort management
  • Domain: Student Learning Strategies
  • Sub-Domain: Learning strategies
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: The process by which a learner uses tactics—such as mood management, self-talk, persistence, self-reinforcement, or attribution of success to effort—in order to achieve a particular goal.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 1
  • Number of studies: 15
  • Number of students: NA
  • Number of effects: 15
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.77
  • Robustness index: 1

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Educational Research Review Donker, de Boer, Kostons, van Ewijk, & Van der Werf Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis. 2014 Effort management 15 NA 15 0.77
TOTAL/AVERAGE 15 NA 15 0.77
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